Abstract: Based on the introduction of the main performance indicators of self-ballasted LED lamps, the similarities and differences between these national standards, the ENERGY STAR standard and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard (draft) are compared.
0 Foreword
With the rapid development of semiconductor lighting technology, a wide variety of lamps and luminaires using LEDs as light sources have appeared. In particular, there have been many LED lamps that replace conventional light sources, for example, LEDs that replace ordinary incandescent lamps and self-ballasted fluorescent lamps. The bulb lamp, instead of the LED-R lamp and LED-PAR lamp of the reflective incandescent lamp, replaces the LED-MR16 of the MR16 halogen lamp, because they can easily replace the light source without replacing the conventional lamp. Accepted by the majority of consumers.
Self-ballasted LED light refers to an LED lamp with a lamp to integrate the stable lighted parts. Actually, the stable ignition component of LED is not a ballast component. Since the draft of IEC 62560 “SELf-ballasted LED-lamps for general lighting services > 50V – SafetyspecificatiONs†adopts the same “Self-ballasted†as the self-ballasted fluorescent lamp, The "ballast" is used to describe the LED drive, so our national standards are also literally translated as "self-ballasted LED lights." The US ENERGY STAR standard is called "IntegralLED Lamp", which is a monolithic LED lamp.
1 Main Performance Indicators of Self-ballasted LED Lamps (Integrated LED Lamps)
1. 1 lamp power
The lamp power referred to here is the total input power of the entire lamp, and it is not only the power consumed by the LED light emitting device. Some companies misunderstand the power of LED devices as the power of the lamp. For example, three 1W LED light sources are used, and the rated power is set to 3W. Such an error will cause the measured power to exceed the standard range. The actual lamp power should also include the power consumed by the drive control circuit.
1. 2 power factor
The power factor is the ratio of active power to apparent power. The low power factor means that the reactive power is large, which increases the power consumption of the line.
1. 3 luminous flux
Luminous flux refers to the radiant energy that the human eye can feel. It is the most important indicator of the lighting source.
1. 4 light effect
Light efficiency (luminous efficiency) The luminous flux that can be emitted per unit of power, calculated by dividing the luminous flux by the actual power consumption. It reflects the efficiency of the lamp to convert electrical energy into light energy, and the higher the lighting efficiency, the more energy-efficient it is.
1. 5 color characteristics
The color characteristics are determined by the color table and color rendering. The color of the light actually emitted by the lamp is called the color table, which is determined by the chromaticity coordinates of the CIE1931 (x,y) chromaticity diagram. The effect of the spectral characteristics of the light emitted by the lamp on the surface of the illuminated object is called color rendering. In practical applications, the color rendering property is expressed by the general color rendering index Ra.
1. 6 lumen maintenance rate
The lumen maintenance rate refers to the ratio of the luminous flux of a lamp under a specified condition to the initial luminous flux of a lamp during a certain period of time during the lifetime of the lamp, expressed as a percentage.
1. 7 Switch Test
A switch test is a test in which the lamp is turned on and off repeatedly to assess the ability of the lamp to withstand switching shocks. LED lamps have significant advantages over traditional light sources in terms of switching performance.
1. 8 life
Life is divided into a single lamp life and average life.
The life of a single lamp refers to the cumulative time from the ignition point to the failure of one lamp, or to the maintenance of the lumen maintenance rate below the specified value.
The average life is the accumulated time when the lamp's luminous flux maintenance rate reaches the specified requirement and the lamp can continue to be fired until 50% reaches the life of a single lamp.
Although the lamp can work but the lumen maintenance rate is very low, it can be considered that the lamp has lost its effective lighting function. Therefore, when the lumen maintenance rate is lower than a specified value, it is judged to be invalid. Some of this value is 70%. It is 50%.
It should be noted that the product life stated in the product specification refers to the average life, not the life of each lamp.
2 Differences between domestic and foreign standard requirements for performance of self-ballasted LED lamps (integrated LED lamps)
China National Standard GB/T 24908 - 2010 "Requirements for Self-ballasted LED Lamps for General Lighting", ENERGY STAR Program Requirements for Integral LED Lamps ENERGY STAREligibility Criteria (issued in December 2009) And the International Electrotechnical Commission's IEC/PAS 62612 "Self-Ballasted LED Lamps for General Lighting Services Performance Requirements" standard (Draft) (hereinafter abbreviated as: GB/T24908, ENERGY STAR standard, IEC draft) are all about self-ballasted LED lamps. The standards of performance requirements, but the specific requirements of these three standards are different. This article describes these differences in detail so that relevant personnel can correctly understand and use these standards.
2. 1 lamp power
GB / T 24908 Article 5.3 requirements: "The lamp is working at rated voltage and rated frequency, the difference between its actual power consumption and rated power should not exceed 15% or 0. 5W."
Taking into account the lamp with a relatively small rated power, its 15% rated power is relatively small, not easy to control, allowing the power deviation to relax to 0. 5W, for example: a lamp with a rated power of 2W, 15% of the rated power is 0. 3W, Less than 0. 5W, allowing the maximum power deviation 0. 5W; if the rated power of 15% is greater than 0. 5W, then take 15%.
"The difference between the actual consumed power and the rated power shall not be greater than 15% or 0. 5W". That is, whether the actual consumed power is greater than the rated power or less than the rated power, the positive and negative deviations of the power shall meet the requirements.
Article 7 of the IEC draft states that “The power loss of the LED lamp must not exceed 15% of the rated powerâ€. It only limits the range of actual power consumption higher than the rated power, that is, the upper limit value. There is no limit to the negative power deviation. .
Although the Energy Star standard does not require the lamp power, the standard mentions that it should also comply with UL1993-1999, while UL1993 specifies the positive power deviation: not more than 10% of the rated power + 0. 5W.
2. 2 power factor
Article 4 of GB/T 24908 requires that “the actual power factor of a lamp operating at its rated voltage and rated frequency shall not be lower than the manufacturer’s nominal value by 0.05.†The specification does not specify the specific value of the power factor. Requires manufacturers to self-nominal, but the actual power factor is lower than the nominal value of the lower limit is provided, for example, a nominal power factor of 0.95, the measured value of not less than 0.90.
ENERGY STAR Standard Clause 4 requires that the power factor of the lamp power less than or equal to 5W is not specified, and the average value of the power factor of the lamp power greater than 5W must be greater than or equal to 0.7. Because raising the power factor will affect the cost and efficiency, and the impact of low-power lamps on the power grid is relatively small, such regulations are relatively reasonable.
The IEC draft does not address power factor requirements.
2. 3 luminous flux
Article 5. 5 of GB/T 24908 requires that “the initial luminous flux of the lamp may be declared by the manufacturer or seller, but its measured value shall not be less than 90% of the nominal valueâ€, that is to say, there is no requirement to declare it, but Once declared, the measured value should not be lower by more than 10%, and higher than the declared value is allowed. There is no specific requirement on how much the luminous flux should be.
ENERGY STAR Standard Requirements: Non-Standard Lamps The minimum luminous flux is 200 lm. Replacement Lamps specify the minimum luminous flux according to the original luminous flux of the replaced target lamp. The so-called non-standard lights are LED lights that do not specify the replacement of the existing standard lights; the replacement lights are LED lights that have been specified to replace a certain standard lamp. For example, an LED lamp that claims to replace a 60W incandescent lamp must have a luminous flux of not less than 800 lm.
Clause 8 of the IEC draft states: "The luminous flux measured in 0h shall not be less than 90% of the nominal luminous flux." In other words, the actual initial (0h) luminous flux shall not be lower than the nominal luminous flux by more than 10%. It is allowed, but there is no provision for how much light flux should be.
The value of luminous flux must be marked on the lamp and on the packaging required by Article 4.
2. 4 light effect
Article 5. 5 of GB/T 24908 requires that: “The initial light efficacy level of a lamp may be claimed by the manufacturer or seller, but its measured value shall not be lower than that specified, and if the manufacturer or distributor does not claim it, it shall be classified as Level III. Assessment."
According to 4 power segments, 2 color ranges, and 3 levels, the minimum value of light efficiency is specified separately. Light efficiency is divided into three grades: I, II, and III, and grade III has the lowest light efficiency. One of these three levels can be declared, and if it is not claimed, it is assessed by Level III. For example, a daylight-colored 5W self-ballasted LED lamp claims to achieve Class I energy efficiency, which is measured in accordance with Class I requirements. In fact, the measured light efficacy value shall not be less than 60 lm/W; if it is not claimed, Class III shall not be lower than 40 lm/ W assessment.
ENERGY STAR standard requirements: The light efficiency of non-standard light is less than 10W, not less than 50lm/W, and the light efficiency greater than or equal to 10W is not less than 55lm/W. Alternative lights are divided into three types: omnidirectional lights, decorative lights, and directional lights. LED bulb lamps belong to omnidirectional lamps. Reflective LED lamps such as PAR lamps, R lamps, and MR lamps belong to directional lamps. LED lamps for candle-shaped and small bulb lamps are decorative lamps. The luminous efficiency of omnidirectional lamps less than 10W is not less than 50 lm/W, the luminous efficiency of greater than or equal to 10W is not less than 55lm/W; the luminous efficiency of decorative lamps is not less than 40lm/W; the diameter of directional lamps is less than or equal to 20/8in. The luminous efficacy is not less than 40 lm/W, and the luminous efficacy of the lamp with a diameter greater than 20 /8 in is not less than 45 lm/W.
The IEC draft does not specify light efficiency.
2. 5 color characteristics
2. 5. 1 color temperature, color coordinates, color product tolerance
GB/T 24908 gives six typical hue and its color coordinate target values, correlated color temperature, and swatch product tolerance (SDCM) using Mark Adam ellipse. The requirement is less than or equal to 7. At present, the color control of LED lamps is more difficult, so the standards are appropriately relaxed.
The Energy Star standard specifies only 4 color temperatures, which are two high color temperatures of 5 000 K and 6 500 K lower than our national standards. It also specifies the color temperature tolerance range and requires the color temperature to be within the quadrilateral. The tolerance of the color coordinates is required to be represented by the deviation value Duv of the color coordinates (U',V') of the CIE 1976 (U',V') chromaticity diagram, and Duv is required to be less than 0.006. The requirement for color maintenance (Color Maintenance) is that when the lamp ignition point reaches 6000h, the color change Duv is within 0.007.
Article 9.1 of the IEC draft also recommends six color temperatures. The color temperature shall be tested at 0h and 25% of the nominal lifetime (up to 6,000h). The actual color temperature values ​​of the two measurements shall be within the specified tolerance range of the chromatic product. .
Color product tolerance (SDCM) adopts Mark Adam ellipse, which is divided into 6 levels of Cat3 to Cat8, Cat3 color tolerance is less than or equal to 3; Cat4 color tolerance is less than or equal to 4;......; Cat 7 color tolerance is less than or equal to 7; The color tolerance of Cat8 is not within 7 (that is, it is equal to no evaluation). The specific level is declared by the manufacturer or seller and marked on the product and package. The color temperature not only evaluates the initial value, but also evaluates the change in color temperature during the lifetime like the Energy Star standard, and increases the nominal life by 25% as a monitoring time point. If the nominal lifetime is 25%, it is more than 6 000 hours, and it is 6 000 hours. test. Since the white LED light sources currently used for illumination are basically white light synthesized by covering the yellow phosphor with a blue LED chip, both the blue LED chips and the phosphors may be degraded during the life-span lighting point, and the two lights will be caused to be out of synchronization. Color drift, so the change in color during the life assessment is necessary.
2.5.2 Color Rendering Index
Article 5. 6 of GB/T 24908 stipulates that “the initial value of the general color rendering index Ra of the lamp should not be lower than the specified value by 3 valuesâ€. The specified value is 80, which means that the measured value of not less than 77 can meet the standard and no positive deviation is specified.
ENERGY STAR standard item 4 requires a general color rendering index Ra minimum of 80 for all lamps (whether they are non-lamps or replacement lamps). The assessment method is that the mean value of Ra is not less than 80, and the single minimum value is not less than 77. Moreover, the special color rendering index R9 of saturated red is required to be greater than zero.
Nothing is specified in Article 4 of the IEC draft for the color rendering index. However, it is required to mark the color rendering index on the lamp and on the packaging.
In Article 9.2, it is required that the color rendering index of the LED lamp be tested at 0h and 25% of the nominal lifetime (up to 6,000h). The deviation of the actually measured color rendering index must not exceed 5 values ​​of the nominal value.†It not only evaluates the initial value but also evaluates the value when the nominal lifetime is 25%, and the deviation cannot be more than 5 values ​​regardless of positive or negative.
2. 6 lumen maintenance rate
Article 5.7.2 of GB/T 24908 stipulates that “the luminous flux maintenance rate of the lamp at the flash point of 3,000 hours shall not be less than 92%; at the flash point of 6,000 hours, the luminous flux maintenance rate shall not be less than 88%; When lighting the 70% rated life, the lumen maintenance rate should not be less than 70%."
The ENERGY STAR standard requires a non-standard light, an omnidirectional light, and a directional light to maintain a luminous flux maintenance rate of 70% or more at a time of 25,000 hours. In order to shorten the verification time, the average luminous flux maintenance rate is greater than or equal to 91.8% at the point of increase of igniting point of 6,000 hours. Moreover, for lamps with power greater than or equal to 10W, the flash point is required to be at a high temperature of 45°C. For the decorative lamp, at the normal test temperature of 25°C, the luminous flux maintenance ratio should be greater than or equal to 70% when the flash point reaches 15 000 hours, and the average luminous flux maintenance rate (greater than or equal to 86.7%) should be measured at the time of 6 000 hours. In Section 8, "Guide to maintenance test and life declaration," it is also stipulated that if a long life is declared (non-standard lamps, omnidirectional lamps and directional lamps claim to have a life of more than 25,000 hours, and decorative lamps claim a life of more than 15,000 hours), The maintenance requirement will increase.
The IEC draft gives 5 levels of luminous flux maintenance ratio in Article 10.1. Compared with the luminous flux of 6 000h and 0h, the light decay is not more than 10% for CatA; no more than 20% for CatB;......; Not more than 50% is CatE. Light decay is an anti-sense indicator of lumen maintenance. One minus luminous flux maintenance rate is light decay. For example, lumen maintenance rate is 90% and light decay is 10%. This standard does not specify the level that must be reached. It only requires the manufacturer to declare and identify.
2. 7 Switch Test
Section 5.7.2 of GB/T 24908 stipulates: “At the rated input voltage, the lamp shall be turned on and off for 30 seconds, and this cycle shall be repeated 15,000 times. After the end of the test, the lamp shall be able to work normally for 15 minutes.â€
The Energy Star standard stipulates that the cycle time is 2 minutes and 2 minutes off, and the number of cycles must reach half of the hours of life. For example, the life expectancy is 30 000 h, and the number of switches must not be less than 15,000.
The IEC draft states in Article 10.2.1 clause b that “At the rated input voltage, the lamp is switched on and off for 30 s and the switch is circulated to half of the rated life (for example: if the rated life is 20 000 hours, the switch is 10 000 times. The LED lamp can still work and stay on for 15 minutes after the test is completed."
2. 8 life
In the definition of life, except that the lamp is extinguished, the lumen maintenance rate of the lamp is lower than the specified value, which is also considered to be the end of the lamp life. The GB/T 24908 3. 2 "failure" defines the lumen maintenance to be less than 50% failure.
The IEC draft adopts a lumen maintenance rate of less than 50% as the end-of-life criterion, but for specialized lighting applications, a 70% lumen maintenance rate can be selected as the end-of-life criterion. The choice of lumen maintenance can be decided by the manufacturer, but 50% must be marked on the product and package, and 70% should be marked in the product specification. The Energy Star standard uses the L70 lifetime, which means that the lumen maintenance rate reaches 70%.
Article 5. 7. 1 of GB/T 24908 states: “The average lamp life should not be less than 25 000 h.â€
The Energy Star standard stipulates: The minimum lifetime of decorative LED lamps is 15 000 hours; the minimum lifetime of other LED lamps is 25 000 hours. Allows to claim a higher life grade. Decorative lights can claim 20 000 hours, and all types of lights can claim 30 000, 35 000, 40 000, 45 000, and 50 000 hours. However, when the life expectancy is higher, the lumen maintenance requirement at the time of 6 000 hours is also correspondingly increased, and the lumen maintenance rate at other time points must be measured for the life expectancy greater than 25,000 hours. For example: claiming a life of 35 000 hours requires a lumen maintenance rate of 65,000 hours to reach 94.1%, which is 2.3% higher than the 91.8% of the declared lifetime of 25 000 hours, and an additional 8750 hours The maintenance rate requires that the lumen maintenance rate should reach 91.5% at this time.
The IEC draft stipulates that the life of the lamp is determined by the manufacturer and marked on the lamp. The lifespan is assessed by the lumen maintenance rate and the life of the built-in electronic ballast. Since the self-ballasted LED lamp is a unit and cannot be removed unless permanently destroyed, the complete lamp is used for testing.
Built-in electronic ballast life test includes switch test, temperature cycle impact test, and high temperature life test. The temperature impact test was as follows: The non-energized LED lamp was first placed at -10°C for 1 hour, then immediately moved to a 50°C oven for 1 hour, and the cycle was repeated 5 times. The high temperature life test is: when the LED lamp is operated at the nominal voltage and ambient temperature of 45°C to the nominal lifetime of 25% (up to 6000 hours), the lamp should remain on for 15 minutes after the end of the test and the temperature drops to room temperature.
3 Conclusion
The comparison of the performance standards of the three LED lamps in this paper only involves a part of the LED lamp performance requirements for reference by relevant persons in the industry. At present, semiconductor lighting develops rapidly, LED lighting products change rapidly, performance indicators improve rapidly, new standards and technical specifications continue to emerge, and relevant standards at home and abroad will continue to be updated, and related parties should continue to pay attention.
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