Mood lighting is often misunderstood as human-induced lighting (HCL). But people include more because of lighting, because it includes biologically effective light, or beneficial or dangerous, depending on the right application. Although the relevant parts of the radiation spectrum may be different, the illumination is effective for both plants and animals, and a clear effect can be achieved.
The industry has done a lot of research on plant growth and animal farming. In some respects, even more than humans do because of lighting. This article details the various biological effects of the same wavelength on plants, livestock and humans, and compares current knowledge about different genera to provide inspiration for human-induced lighting (HCL).
Current status of horticultural lightingThe use of bioactive spectral illumination control has become quite common in the field of plant cultivation. Industrial use is infiltrating and further research is likely to be relevant. However, the basic research that can be used today is the behavior of plants at different wavelengths.
By stimulating with cryptochromes, photoactivins and phytochromes, plants were found to grow stronger leaves and became more resistant to stress at wavelengths less than 400 nm (UV radiation). The above plants are not only effective when subjected to such short-wave radiation, but also when combined with wavelengths (see the following figure). In addition, the use of small amounts of UV radiation can be used as a means of preventing fungal infections.
Figures 1a and b: (a) chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b absorption spectra; (b) and emission spectra of horticultural-specific COB LED modules.
A range of wavelengths between 400 nm and 500 nm produces a range of effects, but does not have to be used in large quantities. Irradiation with blue light can largely prevent plants from drying out (transpiration). In the field of household appliances, modern refrigerators provide blue light to the vegetable room, helping to keep the freshness of the fruit.
However, this range of wavelengths can also cause plant growth retardation, which can lead to faults between the leaves (dwarf/dwarf plants), which can have a negative impact.
Increasing the light in the green wavelength range (600 nm to 700 nm) cancels the growth retardation of the blue light and prevents the fault segments between the leaf layers.
Red light (700 nm to 800 nm) in turn causes plants to grow larger flowers and grow in a more compact form. The wavelength range of 700 nm to 800 nm has a major impact on plants, especially the aroma of edible plants.
Therefore, properly mixing these different wavelength ranges can produce a variety of light scenarios that not only help to improve plant cultivation, but also have potential for optimization in terms of energy consumption and plant quality. By performing spectrum adjustment, it can adapt to the growth stage and achieve energy efficiency. Multi-channel systems can suppress unwanted growth factors at any given point in time. Premature illumination with long-wave red light does not improve the length of the roots. However, providing red light at the right time allows fruit such as tomatoes to mature in a targeted manner. Ensure that the fruit is ripe while maximizing yield.
However, this spectral exposure cannot be defined by the integer value of the light source. A single μmol value, without distinguishing the difference in any wavelength of radiation, is meaningless here and can only indicate the source output. For practical use, it is best to split the light into wavelength ranges and assign dedicated lighting tasks.
Current status of animal husbandry lightingIn the field of animal husbandry, the source of tunable spectra has not yet reached an advanced level. Although some effects have been discovered in the livestock sector, the underlying biological causes are not known. In contrast, the use of artificial lighting in livestock houses has become more and more common. Nowadays, more and more sheds keep livestock inside, no sunshine, so rely on artificial lighting. Moreover, the global demand for meat has increased significantly, and the demand for poultry has risen to the top in the world and even exceeds pork.
Poultry prices are low and farming is fast. Within 7 weeks, a chicken can grow to 1.8 kg. Based on the information currently available, the following lighting scenarios are advantageous. In the first few weeks of life, green light contributes to good muscle growth, while blue light increases hormone production. To increase food absorption, use yellow-white light. If chickens often feed each other, red light can reduce their aggressiveness, and can have a positive impact on the problem of cannibalism and the use of antibiotics, but tests involving exact wavelengths have not been conducted. The visual spectrum of the chicken is much wider than the human visual spectrum. Therefore, it is difficult to evaluate using a conventional light source (adjusted to V(λ)). The same is true of other poultry such as ducks, geese and turkeys.
It is worth mentioning that the blue light at 480 nm will keep the cows awake and increase milk production by 8%. Cows have no visual ability outside of 640 nm.
A detailed assessment of the impact of light on the pig industry has not yet taken place, but due to current market prices, it has not yet taken place.
In such applications, operating technology is another factor that has a major impact on lighting. Lighting should have a particularly high resistance to strobe.
Livestock and plants can process visual stimuli faster than humans. Constant current operation is the best choice and can have a positive impact on overall poultry and animal health.
For dimming, simple PWM methods should not be used, but a “clean†pulse control factor should be configured, which must also be synchronized in the case of spectral (multi-channel) illumination. If it is not ensured, the result will put pressure on the livestock, which in turn will have a negative impact on product quality.
Figure 2: The “Lighting Equalizer†is an 11-channel system that allows spectral tuning to better control plant growth. In addition to controlling growth or opening larger flowers, this system offers other benefits.
Figure 3: Horticultural lighting in a climate room
Figure 4: The picture shows the spectral illumination that is common in chicken farms.
Simple comparison of plants, animals and humansIf the known "plant spectrum" is now compared to the spectrum currently used in animal husbandry, it is easy to see that the dominant wavelengths are roughly the same. In this case, no clear conclusion can be drawn about the magnitude of the spectral composition.
The effect of a single spectrum on human biostimulation has hardly been studied. It is currently known that blue light (480 nm) inhibits melatonin production, which can be seen as the first relevant step in the use of HCL in the field of general illumination.
The sensitivity (acceptance) of plants and humans to spectral wavelengths is similar to that of chickens (Figure 5).
Figure 5: Comparison of wavelengths and effects of greenhouse, livestock and human factors lighting
Sunlight provides the foundation for all forms of life and living, and only the typical environment affects its spectrum: forests and deserts, hills and valleys, land and water.
Based on the conclusions of research, analysis, and testing in all three areas (plants, livestock, and humans), similarities can be found between wavelength-dependent effects. For example, in chickens, the stress hormone cortisol can be reduced by the "red" wavelength.
Potential consequencesIn general, the correct naming of these processes and measurable factors remains problematic. Lux and lumens cannot be extended to the infrared and ultraviolet bands. The V(λ) curve does not effectively represent melatonin inhibition at 480 nm. HCL is not suitable for traditional lighting configuration specifications. In the tender, HCL-compatible luminaires will lose their lumens/watt efficiency.
Since the impact of HCL on humans should be described by the degree of exposure, for all other life forms and organisms, the unit of measurement for this spectral range should be μmol.
However, using the sensitivity curves of the corresponding species to assess the extent of exposure to similar species is already common practice in chicken farming. But can "chicken lux" work for all birds?
The effects of stroboscopic on livestock are well known. Operating frequencies up to 1 kHz can have a negative impact on the health of livestock. Other organisms with a fast "visual" response include plankton and algae. In the general lighting field, this situation should not be underestimated. Constant current driven multi-channel drivers can have a positive impact on the desired result because the light will be permanently available.
in conclusion
In the future, standard lighting practices in the livestock sector will also be established in the field of general lighting. This will also benefit the HCL because the technical specifications can be transferred to a large extent. In order to ensure the safety of the plan, it is necessary to clarify the product features.
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