As various vendors continue to work on low-power wide-area networks (LPWA), the topic of IoT-dedicated networks has caused heated debate in the industry. Previously, I have introduced many articles on commercialization technologies in the markets such as SigFox, LoRa, and NB-IoT. Various LPWA technologies have almost perfect designs in theory. However, as a long-term technician in the field, The author deeply feels the experience and helplessness of various technologies. Of course, the author firmly believes that there is no distinction between good and bad technology. The key is whether it can effectively solve the user's problems. The effective solution to the problem is to continuously improve the details of this technology. The future trend of the LPWA industry and the market scale have been agreed, but the speed of commercial landing is still somewhat lagging. In my opinion, there are still some barriers in large-scale commercialization, including commercial models, technologies, industrial ecology, etc. Take the LPWA technology of the spectrum as an example to interpret the confusion encountered in its landing.
The ideal of perfection and the helplessness of reality: the challenges of the existing LPWA technology
First of all, from the perspective of industrial ecology, open ecology is crucial to the industry, but “open†also has scales, which often become a threshold for industrialization. The full competition in all aspects of the industrial chain will undoubtedly bring benefits to downstream applications, but some key links often set up barriers and appear in the existing LPWA industry as the following two points:
(1) Monopoly supply of chips. Due to the exclusive right of core technology, chips often become barriers to industrial development. The lack of competition from upstream manufacturers has led to slow development of the industry. This is a case in the history of the development of the technology industry. In the commercialization of LoRa technology, the corresponding chip can only be provided by Semtech. This mode has been questioned. Although Semtech started to cooperate with a few chip design manufacturers to launch LoRa chip, its promotion speed is not fast, and the market competition environment is built. insufficient.
(2) Insufficient interconnection of different standard terminals. At present, various types of LPWA technologies are commercially available in some areas. In some industries, terminals with multiple technical standards may be deployed. Different technical standard terminals are like chimneys, which cannot be directly connected to each other; when users are required to increase based on business needs. When an intelligent terminal accesses, if the previous terminal adopts a different system, the existing terminal cannot be reused. For example, the LoRa gateway can only access terminals that comply with the LoRaWan protocol, and cannot reuse other standard terminals such as Zigbee.
Secondly, there will be a lot of problems with theoretical deviations during the implementation of the landing, and the remedial measures will not cure the problem. The environment in practice varies widely, and in a lot of practical experience, it often encounters a big headache, and the deployment cost is greatly increased. Here are a few examples:
(1) Confusion of site deployment. On the one hand, in the enterprise-level LPWA project, many locations where APs need to be installed are often subject to conditions, and may not have power or allow installation of base stations. On the other hand, there are only a few terminals in the network boundary area, but more needs to be added for the entire coverage. 1 AP. These have led to difficulties in network construction and increased costs.
(2) Traffic concurrency conflicts. The existing LPWA networks (LoRa, Sigfox) use star networking, and one AP directly accesses a large number of terminals. When the number of terminals reaches a certain level, the upstream traffic concurrency conflict appears.
(3) Downlink power consumption problem. Downlink low power consumption is the difficulty of most LPWAN technologies. In the case of LoRa, the Class A mode does not support downlink, and the terminal B and C modes turn on the downlink, the terminal power consumption will be significantly improved.
In addition, due to the shortage of radio spectrum resources, LPWAN technology should evolve to a technology with higher spectrum utilization. LoRa and other spectrum-utilization based on spread spectrum technology are lower than ultra-narrowband. If the advantages of the two are combined, more savings can be achieved. Spectrum resources.
Cracking the dilemma, a black horse in the LPWAN field came out
The above analysis is a summary of some of the author's experiences in practice. I believe that the corresponding solution vendors are also facing the same dilemma and continue to improve on every detail. However, in the time window of the LPWA commercial year, the market structure has not yet been determined. Based on the user demand orientation, the technology that can make breakthroughs on multiple barriers may come later.
When all kinds of public materials are filled with the market prospects and advantages of NB-IoT, LoRa, Sigfox and other technologies, it is difficult for us to hear the voices of frontline personnel in the process of landing and how to crack. Let's take a look at how a rising star in the LPWA field, ZETA, does.
1. From the perspective of industrial ecology, the idea and technology of general-purpose chips and converged access will be the key to rapidly expand the LPWA industry. When a large number of vendors can provide chips competitively, they will accelerate the prosperity of the industry chain; when different types of terminals can be seamlessly connected, the user implementation costs will be greatly reduced.
ZETA is a low-power wide-area network protocol independently developed by Longitudinal Technology. It can use a general-purpose chip to break the monopoly in the upstream chip field. For inter-terminal interconnection, ZETA adopts the Unified Access architecture, which has very good openness and compatibility. In addition to supporting ZETA terminals, you can also access other terminals such as LoRa/ZigBee. Users only need to deploy their APs to seamlessly cover other existing LPWAN terminals and improve network reuse rate.
2. From the perspective of the difficulty in the implementation process, problems such as site address, concurrent traffic, and downlink power consumption require in-depth improvement of the technology. In many cases, it may be necessary to abandon the inherent network architecture design thinking. In the network architecture design, ZETA introduces a relay design, namely its low-power Mesh node, Mote, which solves the related problems in the deployment, including:
(1) Flexible relay to crack the site deployment dilemma. The ZETA Mote relay is battery-powered and easy to deploy. On the one hand, based on the cooperation with the base station, the ZETA Mote relay can be connected to the base station network through a low-power multi-hop ad hoc network through a one-hop or multi-hop Mote switch. The coverage extends to the corner where it cannot reach (or the LPWA link budget). When a connection is interrupted, multiple Mote can reorganize the network by itself to ensure high reliability of data transmission. On the other hand, Mote is also a multi-function device. In addition to the sub-base station/hotspot function, it also has the function of communication module, which allows the terminal to realize networking through Mote. This function can reduce the deployment cost in a large number of scenarios. For example, by installing the Mote module on each street lamp, not only can the street lamp itself be networked, but also the street lamp becomes a ZETA hot spot, which can cover a 1-2 km (urban area) to form a street light Internet of Things.
(2) Intelligent offloading cracks the concurrent traffic dilemma. As mentioned above, the Mote relay can extend the coverage area of ​​the base station. Of course, it also plays a huge role in the offloading of the base station. By splitting the traffic in one cell to different Mote accesses, the traffic concurrency conflict problem on the AP side is solved. The LPWA network has better scalability.
(3) Facing the difficulty of downlink power consumption, ZETA can make the terminal and network devices in deep sleep state until the time when data needs to be sent through the Virtual OFDMA mechanism, so that both uplink and downlink work at low power consumption. mode. In actual testing, this type of mechanism saves more than 20% of power consumption compared to LoRa terminals.
In addition, due to the narrowband/ultra-narrowband technology, ZETA has obvious advantages in spectrum utilization compared to spread spectrum-based technologies such as LoRa. For example, a typical LoRA channel requires a radio spectrum of 125 kHz, even in narrowband mode. This bandwidth can also be loaded into 15 ZETA channels.
It is worth mentioning that ZETA, as a domestic technology with independent intellectual property rights, is in line with the development trend of information security and national strategy. Therefore, although it is a rising star, this technology has been quietly applied to industries such as safe community, municipal management, street lighting control, remote meter reading, and cold chain transportation.
In the popularization of low-power WAN technology, a large number of users need to deploy a wireless network at the fastest and lowest cost. The author once again emphasizes that there is no distinction between good and bad technology. The key is to solve user problems quickly and effectively. In the field of LPWA, perhaps the dark horses that can break the barriers in the commercial process will stand out.
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