With the continuous development of world trade, more and more WTO members are focusing on the protection of their own industries and markets, from the use of traditional tariff barriers to the use of anti-dumping, technical trade barriers and green trade barriers. Non-tariff trade barrier measures. As is known to all, the EU is one of the main developers of the WTO rules. The EU's CE certification system for the import of mechanical and electrical products is one of the means of technical trade barriers. It requires that imported mechanical and electrical products must meet certain safety and health standards before they can pass. The prescribed conformity assessment procedures have obtained the EU's uniform CE certificate, and only the mechanical and electrical products with the CE mark can enter the EU market and conduct commercial activities such as sales. These regulations severely restrict the export of my technical products. In accordance with the instructions of the department leaders, in order to expand the export of our mechanical and electrical products, we focused on the specific content of the CE certification standards and contacted the relevant German authorities, and consulted the EU 98/37 and 98/79 guidelines, now the mechanical and electrical products are obtained The specific safety and health standards to be met by the CE certificate of conformity are summarized as follows: 1. Safety and health standards for product design and manufacture 1. Basic standards (1) Safety principles The structural form of electromechanical products should be guaranteed during commissioning, operation and Maintenance does not hurt the staff. When looking for the best solution, design and production of products, manufacturers should consider completely eliminating unsafe hidden dangers; if there are still unsafe hidden dangers after the products are manufactured, appropriate measures should be taken to prevent the occurrence of hazards; if safety measures are formulated, there are still other Threats to safety should be brought to the attention of the user and indicate the necessary training measures and safety equipment that can be provided. In designing, manufacturing products and writing instructions for use, manufacturers should consider other people's normal use, and should also estimate other possible uses of the equipment. At the same time, the design of the product should ensure that the user can only use it in accordance with the regulations to avoid the occurrence of danger; or in the product use instructions, the serious consequences of the violation of the regulations will be pointed out. Products designed and manufactured should minimize the load, fatigue and psychological burden on the operator. When designing and manufacturing products, manufacturers should fully consider the necessary safety protection products for operators, such as shoes, gloves, etc., and the load caused by the products. The equipment ultimately provided to the user should be equipped with all important special devices or components so that the operator can safely commission, repair and use the equipment. (2) Substances and articles used The substances used in the manufacture of mechanical equipment and the articles used in the use of mechanical equipment shall not pose a threat to the safety and health of the persons concerned. In particular, when using liquid substances, there should be no safety problems due to the injection, use, recovery or removal of liquids. (3) Lighting If ordinary indoor lighting devices cannot meet the safety requirements required for the operation of mechanical equipment, and may cause safety hazards, the mechanical equipment itself should be equipped with special lighting devices required for the operation of the equipment. At the same time, manufacturers should take care to prevent the lighting devices from being dazzled and dizzy. For internal inspection, commissioning or overhaul of mechanical equipment, the internal unit should also be equipped with appropriate lighting. (4) The use of the product shall be designed to ensure the safe use of the user. If the product and its components cannot be moved by hand due to its weight, size and shape, the equipment shall be equipped with corresponding facilities so that the lifting device can be put into use; or The design takes into account the need for lifting and allows the device itself to have corresponding facilities such as threaded holes; or the shape of the device facilitates the use of conventional lifting devices. If the product and its components can be moved back and forth by hand, the shape should be easy to move; or equipped with a carrying device such as a handle. A lightweight product or component may pose a hazard due to its shape or composition of materials, and special precautions should be taken. #next 2, control and command device (1), control device safety and reliability control device design and manufacture must ensure that the device operates safely and reliably, without dangerous situations, can meet the requirements of a full set of equipment operation, It can resist the adverse effects of the outside world and guarantee that there will be no crisis when the system fails. (2) The sign of the control part of the control part should be clear, reasonable and easy to identify. The installation position should be as good as possible for the staff to carry out safe, careless, fast and clear operation; its design should be complete, its operation should have the proper control, no danger; its protective measures should also be designed Properly, if a particular control can trigger a hazard, the implementation of protective measures will ensure that the hazard is avoided. The setting of the control member, the direction of movement of the body and the resistance should be coordinated with the control action. The load caused by protective equipment such as shoes and gloves that the operator must wear should be fully considered. Mechanical equipment should be equipped with safety display devices such as dials, signal displays, etc. The operator must be able to see the display device from its operating position and confirm that no one is in the danger zone. If this is not possible, the control unit should be equipped with a sound or light warning annunciator, which can pre-warn the machine before the machine is started, and the relevant personnel can promptly and quickly prevent the machine from starting. (3) The start-up of the starter device can only be achieved by means of a purposeful operation of the command device. For whatever reason, if the machine needs to be restarted after it stops running, or if the operating state of the machine, such as speed, pressure, etc., needs to be fundamentally changed, it must be realized by operating the command device. If the mechanical equipment has multiple start command devices and can injure the operator, it should be equipped with appropriate facilities, such as a selector switch that allows only one command device to function to prevent danger. (4) Closing device Each machine shall be equipped with a command device that stops operation. Each workbench should also be equipped with a corresponding command device to ensure that all running parts or certain running parts are stopped in case of critical conditions to ensure the safety of the entire machine. Once the machine or its operating components are in a stopped state, the power supply to the drive should also be interrupted. (5) Emergency shutdown device One machine should be equipped with one or more emergency shutdown devices to avoid crisis situations. Except in the following cases: The emergency shutdown device does not shorten the time required for normal shutdown; when a crisis occurs, it is too late to take the necessary measures; the use of hand-held or manual machinery. The emergency shut-off device should ensure that: its operating parts are clearly identifiable, located in a place where the line of sight is easily accessible and easy to operate. It can stop a dangerous movement process in the shortest time. If the worker cannot continue to operate the device after the emergency shutdown device issues a stop operation command, the device should be locked to ensure that the command is continuously valid until the lock is released. It should be ensured that the stop operation command does not work after the device is locked; the release of the device lock can only be performed by the corresponding operation; after the lock is released, the machine cannot continue to enter the running state, but should be restarted by entering. Operating status. (6), operating state selection switch If the machine has a variety of control procedures or operating modes, and each has a very different level of safety, the machine must be equipped with an operating mode selector switch, each switch is only suitable for one type of control or operation the way. If the machine is in a certain process and needs to start another operating state, the following control regulations shall be established in advance for the corresponding selector switch: The automatic control device is turned off only under extremely strict safety conditions such as: reducing the speed, Reduce the power or take other precautions to start the operation of potentially dangerous machine parts. The operation of the machine should be prohibited if the operation of the machine has a direct or indirect effect on the internal sensors of the machine, thus inducing a hazard. The various operating components should be directly controllable from the console of the selector switch.
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Incremental encoders provide speed, direction and relative position feedback by generating a stream of binary pulses proportional to the rotation of a motor or driven shaft. Lander offers both optical and magnetic incremental encoders in 4 mounting options: shafted with coupling, hollow-shaft, hub-shaft or bearingless. Single channel incremental encoders can measure speed which dual channel or quadrature encoders (AB) can interpret direction based on the phase relationship between the 2 channels. Indexed quadrature encoders (ABZ) are also available for homing location are startup.
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