May 27: A group of researchers from the University of Aachen in Germany and the University of Frankfurt, Germany presented a paper entitled "Quantitative Analysis of Bitcoin Content in Arbitrary Blockchain Content" at the conference on financial encryption or data security. Of the 1600 documents in the blockchain, 59 documents contain links to illegal children's pictures, politically sensitive content, or privacy violations.
Dangerous data in Bitcoin blocks
The researchers pointed out that Bitcoin's blockchain may also carry malware, and the Interpol warned about this situation three years ago, but this situation has not been formally recorded. Despite the many potential benefits of blockchain, embedding “objectionable†content may expose all participants in Bitcoin to risk, as such bad content in the blockchain cannot be changed and will be used by the Bitcoin network. Each Peer (peer or entity) is replicated locally as benign data.
Bitcoin blockchains are distributed ledgers or databases containing all records of Bitcoin transactions. Operational records or blocks contain batches of hashed transactions and are linked to the previous block via cryptographic signatures. The problem lies in: This block also allows other data to be recorded.
The researchers also revealed to the media that in addition to Bitcoin's blockchain, other blockchains that allow content insertion also have this problem, such as Litecoin and Ethereum. Researchers have not yet investigated a blockchain system that has undergone privacy improvements, such as Monroe or the forthcoming Mimblewimble.
Add data to the various mechanisms in the blockchain
The researchers mentioned in the paper several mechanisms for adding arbitrary data to the Bitcoin blockchain, such as CryptoGraffiti, a Web-based service that reads data and writes it to the blockchain. In addition, researchers also mentioned Satoshi Uploader, P2SH Injectors, and Apertus.
At present, only a few Bitcoin blockchain transactions contain other data. In the Bitcoin blockchain, 1.4% of the approximately 251 million transactions contained transactions of other data, that is, only a small portion of these transactions contained illegal or inappropriate content. Despite this, even the presence of such a small amount of illegal or inappropriate content may expose participants to risks.
Legal liability and malicious use
The paper points out that since all blockchain data is downloaded and continuously stored by users, the user is responsible for the bad content added to it by others. Therefore, it is illegal to participate in a blockchain-based system once illegal content is included. At present, there is no clear court ruling on this specific issue. According to researchers' predictions, illegal blockchain content is likely to harm the blockchain system (such as Bitcoin) in the future.
Early Bitcoin enthusiast CryptoGraphitiza9i predicted a risk of inappropriate content in its website's policy statement, stating that users who use this service must not store illegal content on the blockchain. If abused, the abuser's IP address will be reported to the police.
Adrian Collier, partner of London venture capital firm Adrian Collier, stated that the ability to add arbitrary data to the Bitcoin blockchain may be used as an excuse by the government to harass the political enemies operating Bitcoin nodes. If a government wants to ban a blockchain, it only needs to anonymously send transactions that contain illegal or unfavorable data, wait for the transaction to spread to all miners in the country, and then pursue investigations.
Researcher Roman Mantizut confirmed that individuals can insert politically controversial pictures to "poison" the blockchain. He took a picture of the former South African President Nelson Mandela, a block size of 21 kilobytes, as an example. The results showed that inserting this type of data only costs US$380 worth of Bitcoin (calculated at a market value of US$8,400 worth of Bitcoin). .
Bitcoin contributor Dave Harding said that these concerns have been discussed in the Bitcoin technology community for many years. A similar case occurred in 2014 when users reported that Microsoft Security Essentials found a STONED virus signature in the blockchain.
Existing solutions do not eliminate security threats
Harding pointed out that Bitcoin's core developer Gregory Maxwell proposed the P2SH2 solution, but Hardin said that P2SH2 cannot completely prevent users from inserting arbitrary data in the decentralized blockchain. Currently the best known mitigation solution is only in bytes, making the release of arbitrary data quite expensive. Mantizut also stated that content inserters can always brute force identifiers, inserting some bytes for each transaction output. Therefore, the issues raised above can only be alleviated and cannot be completely eliminated.
Bitcoin mining equipment is mainly highly specialized ASIC mill , The maximum computing power of a single miner is 110T/s( Ant S19Pro mill ), The scale of computing power of the whole network is 120EH/s above . Ethereum's mining equipment is mainly graphics card mining machine , Professional ASIC Mining machines are very few , On the one hand, it is because of the of Ethereum mining algorithm [ resist ASIC sex " Improved R & D efficiency ASIC The threshold of the miner , So how much do you know about the mainstream Ethereum mining machine ?
Ethereum mining algorithm has higher requirements for memory , The purpose of this design limits ASIC The use of chips in Ethereum mining . From the results , Most Ethereum mining machines are graphics card machines , This reflects the application of Ethereum mining algorithm ASIC Success on . From the absolute value of computational power scale , The computing power of Ethereum is about 200TH/s, The computing power of bitcoin is about 120EH/s, The latter is close to the former 60 ten thousandfold .
ASIC Mining machines have high computing power , Large power consumption , Like the latest ant S19Pro mill , Rated power consumption is 3250W, Need to consume... Every day 78 Degree electricity , According to the current currency price and 0.23 The electricity price in wet season is RMB , The proportion of electricity charge is 30.68%. Other older bitcoins ASIC mill , Like ants T17 series , The proportion of electricity charges generally exceeds 50%. by comparison , The power consumption of the graphics card miner is low , The proportion of electricity is also low . such as 5600XT8 Graphics card miner of card .
Ant S19-95T It adopts aluminum alloy profile electromechanical integrated design , Parallel four fan structure . According to the measured data , In line with and better than the official data .S19 The series is provided by TSMC 7nm chip , A new generation of customized chips with perfect whole machine architecture and high conversion rate APW12 Power Supply , Reduce power loss during conversion , Use more energy-saving , Greatly shorten the return cycle of the miner . In addition, the newly upgraded mining machine operation interface is also more humanized , Real time computing power . The average computing power and the operation of each chip are clear at a glance .
Shenma mining machine M30S-86T/88T/90T, Bit micro 2020 Launched in 2013 M30S Series of new mining machines , Announced that it would M30S The series is expanded to three 3X product . stay 3X In the new standard , Bit micro promises a one-year warranty for its series of products . This series of mining machines are provided by Samsung 8nm chip , Among them, god horse M30S series , The power consumption is 38J/T, Provide higher computing power , Lower power consumption and high stability.
Ethereum Mining Machine:Jasminer X4,Bitmain Antminer E9 (2.4Gh),iPollo V1,Jasminer X4-1U,iPollo V1 Classic,
Jasminer X4-C 1U,iPollo V1 Mini SE Plus
Ethereum Mining Machine,ETHW Miner,innosilicon a10 pro,E9 Antminer,Innosilicon A11
Shenzhen YLHM Technology Co., Ltd. , https://www.ylhm-tech.com